Hypoxia/ischemia promotes CXCL10 expression in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells by NFkB activation

CXCL10, the chemokine with potent chemotactic activity on immune cells and other non-immune cells expressing its receptor CXCR3, has been demonstrated to involve in myocardial infarction, which was resulted from hypoxia/ischemia. The cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs) are the first cell type which is implicated by hypoxia/ischemia. However, the potential molecular mechanism by which hypoxia/ischemia regulates the expression of CXCL10 in CMECs remains unclear. In the present study, the expression of CXCL10 was firstly examined by real-time PCR and ELISA analysis. Several potential binding sites (BS) for transcription factors including NF-kappaB (NFkB), HIF1 alpha (HIF1α) and FoxO3a were identified in the promoter region of CXCL10 gene from -2000 bp to -1 bp using bioinformatics software. Luciferase reporter gene vectors for CXCL10 promoter and for activation of above transcription factors were constructed. The activation of NFkB, hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) and FoxO3a was also analyzed by Western blotting. It was shown that the production of CXCL10 in CMECs was significantly increased by hypoxia/ischemia treatment, in parallel with the activation of CXCL10 promoter examined by reporter gene vector system. Furthermore, transcription factors including NFkB, HIF1α and FoxO3a were activated by hypoxia/ischemia in CMECs. However, over-expression of NFkB, but not that of HIF1α or FoxO3a, significantly promoted the activation of CXCL10 promoter reporter gene. These findings indicated that CXCL10 production in CMECs was significantly increased by hypoxia/ischemia, at least in part, through activation of NFkB pathway and subsequently binding to CXCL10 promoter, finally promoted the transcription of CXCL10 gene.