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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

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A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.8K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Solid–Solid Solutions01:24

Solid–Solid Solutions

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The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Nonequilibrium Second-Order Phase Transition in a Cooper-Pair Insulator.

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Superconductivity transitions into a Cooper-pair insulator phase under magnetic fields. This disordered superconductor system exhibits a critical point and power-law behavior, similar to equilibrium phase transitions.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Superconductivity
  • Disordered systems

Background:

  • Disordered superconductors can transition directly into an insulating phase.
  • This insulating phase, known as a Cooper-pair insulator, exhibits nonlinear current-voltage characteristics with temperature-dependent jumps.
  • These characteristics resemble equilibrium phase transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of the transition from a superconducting to a Cooper-pair insulator phase.
  • To identify a critical point in this out-of-equilibrium phase transition.
  • To characterize the transition using critical exponents and power-law behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental measurements of current-voltage characteristics in disordered superconductors under varying magnetic fields and temperatures.
  • Comparison of experimental results to the van der Waals equation of state for liquid-gas mixtures.
  • Analysis of power-law behavior and critical exponents near the identified critical point.

Main Results:

  • A direct correspondence was established between the disordered superconductor system and equilibrium second-order phase transitions.
  • A critical point for an out-of-equilibrium second-order-like phase transition was identified.
  • Power-law behavior with characteristic critical exponents was observed approaching the critical point.

Conclusions:

  • The transition into a Cooper-pair insulator phase in disordered superconductors shares similarities with equilibrium phase transitions.
  • The identified critical point and associated power-law behavior provide a framework for understanding this non-equilibrium transition.
  • Further research can explore the universality of these critical exponents in similar systems.