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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

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Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell01:06

Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell

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A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry
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Isolation of CD4+ T-cells and Analysis of Circulating T-follicular Helper cTfh Cell Subsets from Peripheral Blood Using 6-color Flow Cytometry

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Follicular Helper T Cells.

Carola G Vinuesa1, Michelle A Linterman2, Di Yu3

  • 1Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia;

Annual Review of Immunology
|February 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are crucial for antibody responses and immune memory. Their regulation is vital for preventing autoimmunity and understanding immune cell interactions.

Keywords:
B follicular helper T (Tfh) cellantibody responsesgerminal center

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • T cell help for B cells has been known for decades.
  • Identification of CXCR5 on Tfh cells and BCL6 dependence recognized them as a distinct subset.
  • Over 20 transcription factors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs regulate Tfh cell function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical roles of Tfh cells in adaptive immunity.
  • To underscore the importance of Tfh cell regulation in preventing autoimmunity.
  • To explore the heterogeneity of follicular T cells and their functions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Tfh cell biology.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms controlling Tfh cell development and function.
  • Examination of the role of Tfh cells in various immune responses.

Main Results:

  • Tfh cells are essential for priming B cells in antibody responses.
  • They are critical for affinity maturation and maintaining humoral memory.
  • Tfh cells play roles in antimicrobial defense, cancer immunity, and HIV persistence.

Conclusions:

  • Tfh cell regulation is critical for preventing autoimmunity.
  • The heterogeneity of follicular T cells suggests a complex division of labor.
  • Further research into Tfh cell subsets is needed to understand germinal center dynamics.