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The semantic Stroop effect: An ex-Gaussian analysis.

Darcy White1, Evan F Risko1, Derek Besner2

  • 1Psychology Department, Perception and Cognition Unit (CPU), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|February 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The semantic Stroop effect impacts reaction time means (mu) but not response time tails (tau). This suggests different underlying mechanisms compared to the standard Stroop effect, particularly regarding interference.

Keywords:
SemanticsStroop effectVisual word recognition

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Reaction Time Analysis

Background:

  • The standard Stroop effect, extensively studied, influences mean reaction times and ex-Gaussian parameters (mu, sigma, tau).
  • Ex-Gaussian analyses of the standard Stroop effect reveal impacts on the mean (mu), standard deviation (sigma), and tail (tau) of reaction time distributions.
  • No prior ex-Gaussian analysis has been applied to the semantically based Stroop effect.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the semantically based Stroop effect influences ex-Gaussian parameters (mu, sigma, tau).
  • To compare the underlying mechanisms of the semantic Stroop effect with the standard Stroop effect using ex-Gaussian analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted using color-associated words (e.g., sky, tomato) and neutral control words (e.g., keg, palace).
  • Participants performed a color naming task, and reaction times were analyzed using ex-Gaussian distributions.
  • The study specifically examined effects on the mean (mu), standard deviation (sigma), and tail (tau) of the reaction time distributions.

Main Results:

  • Replicating prior findings, color naming was slower with incongruent color-associated words compared to neutral controls.
  • Ex-Gaussian analysis revealed the semantic Stroop effect was significant only for the arithmetic mean and mu.
  • No significant semantic Stroop effect was observed in the tau parameter, unlike in the standard Stroop effect.

Conclusions:

  • The semantic Stroop effect differs from the standard Stroop effect in its underlying sources, as indicated by the absence of an effect on tau.
  • Interference associated with response competition, typically seen in the tau of the standard Stroop effect, appears absent in the semantic Stroop effect.
  • These findings support distinct cognitive mechanisms differentiating semantic and standard Stroop interference.