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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
Some...
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Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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Related Experiment Videos

Circulating Estrogens and Postmenopausal Ovarian Cancer Risk in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.

Britton Trabert1, Louise A Brinton2, Garnet L Anderson3

  • 1Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. britton.trabert@nih.gov.

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention : a Publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, Cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology
|February 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Higher levels of certain estrogens and their metabolites were linked to increased risk of nonserous ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women. These findings highlight the complex hormonal factors influencing ovarian cancer development.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Epidemiology

Background:

  • Hormonal and reproductive factors are implicated in ovarian cancer.
  • Few studies have investigated the link between circulating estrogens, their metabolites, and ovarian cancer risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the association between serum estrogen and estrogen metabolite levels and ovarian cancer risk in postmenopausal women.
  • To explore differences in these associations based on ovarian cancer histologic subtypes.

Main Methods:

  • A nested case-control study within the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Observational Study (OS).
  • 169 epithelial ovarian cancer cases and 412 matched controls were selected.
  • Baseline serum levels of 15 estrogens and metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

Main Results:

  • Elevated estrone and 2-, 4-methoxyestrone metabolite levels showed modest associations with overall ovarian cancer risk.
  • Associations varied significantly by histologic subtype.
  • Estrone, unconjugated estradiol, and several other metabolites were positively associated with nonserous ovarian tumors, but not serous tumors.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides novel molecular evidence linking parent estrogens and specific estrogen metabolites to nonserous ovarian cancers.
  • The findings support the concept of a heterogeneous etiology for ovarian cancer.
  • Estrogen metabolism pathways may play a role in the development of specific ovarian cancer subtypes.