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Flow Cytometry

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules

Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules

Published on: June 11, 2018

Characterization of Flocs and Floc Size Distributions Using Image Analysis.

Siwei Sun¹, Monroe Weber-Shirk¹, Leonard W Lion¹

¹School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York.

Environmental Engineering Science

|February 25, 2016

Summary

A new digital imaging method accurately measures particle size distributions during flocculation and sedimentation. This technique aids in understanding aggregation mechanisms and optimizing water treatment processes.

Keywords:

capture velocity floc size distributions flocculation image analysis particle size measurement tube settler

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Last Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Determination of the Settling Rate of Clay/Cyanobacterial Floccules

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Published on: June 11, 2018

Characterization of Aquatic Biofilms with Flow Cytometry

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Published on: June 6, 2018

Measuring the Shape and Size of Activated Sludge Particles Immobilized in Agar with an Open Source Software Pipeline

Measuring the Shape and Size of Activated Sludge Particles Immobilized in Agar with an Open Source Software Pipeline

Published on: January 30, 2019

Area of Science:

Water treatment
Particle science
Colloid chemistry

Background:

Understanding particle aggregation is crucial for water treatment processes like coagulation and flocculation.
Accurate measurement of particle size distribution is essential for characterizing these aggregation mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a nonintrusive digital imaging process for quantifying particle size distributions.
To study particle aggregation and sedimentation behavior under varying operating conditions.
To analyze the impact of coagulant dose on floc characteristics and sedimentation efficiency.

Main Methods:

Developed a digital imaging technique calibrated with polystyrene standards.
Automated identification and removal of out-of-focus flocs using LabVIEW.
Measured kaolin clay particle size and aggregates formed by polyaluminum chloride.
Quantified floc removal during sedimentation and correlated turbidity with particle concentration and coagulant dose.

Main Results:

Established a linear relationship between turbidity and clay particle concentration determined by imaging.
Demonstrated a linear correlation between the logarithm of aluminum dose and the negative logarithm of remaining turbidity after settling.
Observed maximum floc size in settled water below 120 μm, consistent with theoretical predictions.

Conclusions:

The developed digital imaging process is effective for studying particle size distributions in flocculation and sedimentation.
The technique provides insights into aggregation mechanisms and the influence of coagulant dose.
Results support the use of imaging for optimizing water treatment processes and predicting sedimentation performance.