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Related Concept Videos

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy01:29

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

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An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:
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Esophagus01:24

Esophagus

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The esophagus, a muscular conduit linking the pharynx and stomach, measures roughly 10 inches (25.4 cm) and sits behind the trachea. It remains collapsed when not swallowing. The esophagus follows a predominantly straight path through the thoracic mediastinum and enters the abdominal cavity through a diaphragmatic opening known as the esophageal hiatus.
The movement of edibles from the pharynx into the esophagus is facilitated by the upper esophageal sphincter, which is formed primarily by the...
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Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management01:26

Esophageal Strictures-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Patients with esophageal strictures often experience a range of symptoms. Initially, they may have difficulty swallowing solid foods, which can progress to include liquids. Additional symptoms may involve chest pain or discomfort, regurgitating food and fluids, heartburn, unintentional weight loss, coughing or choking during meals, and hoarseness.
Healthcare providers should gather a comprehensive medical history and conduct a physical examination for diagnosis. If esophageal stricture is...
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Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction01:30

Esophageal Strictures-I: Introduction

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Esophageal strictures involve abnormal narrowing or tightening of the esophagus. They vary in length and severity, ranging from mild constriction to complete obstruction, and are classified as benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Etiology
The primary cause of esophageal strictures is long-standing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), accounting for about 70 to 80% of adult cases. Chronic acid reflux can lead to injury and scarring of the esophageal lining, culminating in...
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management01:29

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease II: Clinical Features and Management

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Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a persistent medical condition that affects many individuals worldwide. Its clinical manifestations can vary greatly, making diagnosis and management challenging for healthcare professionals. The following is a comprehensive overview of the clinical manifestations, assessment, and management strategies for GERD.
Clinical Manifestations
GERD presents itself in a multitude of ways, with symptoms varying from person to person. The hallmark symptoms are...
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Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

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Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 25, 2026

Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring
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Simultaneous Laryngopharyngeal and Conventional Esophageal pH Monitoring

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Esophageal testing: What we have so far.

Nicola de Bortoli1, Irene Martinucci1, Lorenzo Bertani1

  • 1Nicola de Bortoli, Irene Martinucci, Lorenzo Bertani, Salvatore Russo, Riccardo Franchi, Valeria Bolognesi, Massimo Bellini, Santino Marchi, Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 54124 Pisa, Italy.

World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology
|February 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Advanced diagnostic tools like high-resolution manometry and impedance-pH monitoring improve understanding of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) pathophysiology and patient symptoms. Future non-invasive techniques show promise for evaluating related laryngopharyngeal issues.

Keywords:
BRAVOEndoFLIPGastroesophageal reflux diseaseHigh resolution manometryMultichannel impedance and pHPEP-testRestech

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Author Spotlight: Advancing Biopsy Techniques with Transesophageal Ultrasound
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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Digestive Health
  • Medical Technology and Diagnostics

Background:

  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a prevalent gastrointestinal disorder.
  • Recent technological advancements have significantly enhanced the study of esophageal function and GERD pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolving technologies used in the functional study of the esophagus for GERD.
  • To highlight the diagnostic capabilities and clinical applications of these advanced methods.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution manometry (HRM) for assessing esophagogastric junction function and hiatal hernia risks.
  • 24-hour esophageal pH-metry with impedance for detecting acid and non-acid reflux events and correlating them with symptoms.
  • Introduction of EndoFLIP as a novel technique for esophagogastric junction evaluation.

Main Results:

  • HRM offers improved sensitivity and reproducibility over conventional methods for detecting transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations.
  • Impedance-pH monitoring is crucial for patients with refractory GERD symptoms and negative endoscopy.
  • EndoFLIP provides substantial data on the esophagogastric junction, though clinical application is limited.

Conclusions:

  • New technologies have refined the understanding and diagnosis of GERD.
  • Esophageal 24-h impedance and pH monitoring are vital for complex GERD cases.
  • Emerging non-invasive techniques for laryngopharyngeal symptoms warrant further investigation for diagnostic utility.