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Colony Foundation in an Oceanic Seabird.

Ignacio Munilla1, Meritxell Genovart1, Vitor H Paiva2

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Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) established new colonies in Galicia, expanding their range. These new populations exhibit high genetic diversity, suggesting colonization by large, admixed groups from distant Atlantic colonies.

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Area of Science:

  • Ornithology
  • Population Genetics
  • Conservation Biology

Background:

  • Seabirds, despite dispersal potential, rarely colonize new locations, making colony foundation events infrequent and poorly understood.
  • Cory's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea), a pelagic species, have recently established three new colonies in Galicia, extending their range significantly northwards.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the establishment and early development of new Cory's shearwater colonies in Galicia.
  • To analyze the genetic and morphometric traits of individuals involved in these colonization events.
  • To test predictions from seabird colonization models using empirical data.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 10 microsatellite loci to assess genetic diversity and population structure.
  • Assigned individuals to potential source populations across the Atlantic and Mediterranean.
  • Compared genetic characteristics with established populations to understand colonization dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 200 non-breeding Cory's shearwaters likely initiated visits, with some eventually breeding and establishing new colonies.
  • The new Galician populations display high genetic diversity and private allele frequencies comparable to or exceeding historical populations.
  • Most colonizing individuals were traced to multiple Atlantic populations, with few linked to Mediterranean colonies, indicating long-distance dispersal (>1500 km).

Conclusions:

  • Colonization in Galicia appears driven by large, admixed groups of non-breeders originating from diverse and distant Atlantic colonies.
  • This pattern aligns with island metapopulation models and helps explain the low genetic structuring observed in many pelagic seabird species.
  • The findings highlight the importance of long-distance dispersal events in the expansion and genetic connectivity of seabird populations.