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Replicative cell senescence is a property of cells that allows them to divide a finite number of times throughout the organism's lifespan while preventing excessive proliferation. Replicative senescence is associated with the gradual loss of the telomere — short, repetitive DNA sequences found at the end of the chromosomes. Telomeres are bound by a group of proteins to form a protective cap on the ends of chromosomes. Embryonic stem cells express telomerase — an enzyme that adds...
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Cellular senescence impact on immune cell fate and function.

Rita Vicente1,2,3, Anne-Laure Mausset-Bonnefont1,2,3, Christian Jorgensen1,2,3

  • 1INSERM, U1183, IRMB, Montpellier Cedex, France.

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Cellular senescence, a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest, influences immune cell behavior and function. This review highlights its role in macrophage polarization, natural killer cell phenotype, and T-lymphocyte activation, positioning senescence as a key regulator of immune homeostasis.

Keywords:
cellular senescencechronic and autoimmune diseasesimmune cellstissue homeostasis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Cellular senescence is a fundamental biological process observed in various cell types across different ages, both in vitro and in vivo.
  • Senescence impacts not only tissue maintenance but also immune cell dynamics and function.
  • Understanding senescence in immune cells is crucial for comprehending immune responses and age-related diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the role of cellular senescence in immune cell fate decisions.
  • To explore the involvement of senescence in immune responses, including tissue homeostasis and immune suppression.
  • To propose cellular senescence as a significant homeostatic orchestrator.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on cellular senescence and immune cells.
  • Analysis of studies investigating senescence in macrophage polarization, natural killer cell phenotype, and T-lymphocyte activation.
  • Examination of senescence's role in T-helper and T-regulatory cell functions.

Main Results:

  • Cellular senescence influences macrophage polarization and natural killer cell phenotypes.
  • Senescence plays a role in T-lymphocyte activation and immune responses.
  • Onset of senescence is implicated in T-helper lymphocyte-dependent tissue homeostasis and T-regulatory cell-mediated suppression.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular senescence is a critical factor in immune cell fate determination.
  • Senescence is involved in various immune responses, contributing to both tissue maintenance and immune regulation.
  • Data suggest that cellular senescence acts as a broad homeostatic orchestrator in the immune system.