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What happens when children encounter an error?

Silvan F A Smulders1, Eric Soetens2, Maurits W van der Molen1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1018 XA, The Netherlands.

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|February 26, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Post-error slowing (PES) decreases with age, indicating children become more cautious and efficient at setting response thresholds as they mature. This developmental trend was observed in two-choice tasks across various response-to-stimulus intervals (RSIs).

Keywords:
Child developmentError-related negativityPerformance monitoringPost-error slowingReaction time

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive development
  • Developmental psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Post-error slowing (PES) is a cognitive phenomenon where individuals respond more slowly after making an error.
  • Understanding the developmental trajectory of PES is crucial for comprehending cognitive control maturation.
  • Previous research suggests PES may reflect increased caution or cognitive adjustments following errors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate developmental changes in post-error slowing (PES) from childhood to young adulthood (ages 5–25).
  • To examine the influence of response-to-stimulus intervals (RSIs) on PES across different age groups.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms contributing to PES and its developmental trajectory.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using two-choice tasks.
  • Response-to-stimulus intervals (RSIs) were manipulated to assess their effect on PES.
  • Data from participants aged 5 to 25 years were analyzed to identify age-related patterns in PES.

Main Results:

  • Post-error slowing (PES) significantly decreased with advancing age.
  • A disproportional developmental trend in PES was observed in one experiment, while the other showed a trend similar to basic response speed development.
  • No interaction was found between age and RSI effects on PES, suggesting consistent age-related changes across different RSI conditions.

Conclusions:

  • The findings suggest that PES at longer RSIs is primarily driven by increased caution, while at shorter RSIs, it involves both caution and error-related orienting.
  • Developmental changes in PES indicate that older children and young adults become more adept at establishing appropriate response thresholds.
  • These results contribute to understanding the maturation of cognitive control mechanisms throughout development.