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Sex differences in cardiovascular ageing.

Allison A Merz1, Susan Cheng2

  • 1Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Sex differences in cardiovascular disease are influenced by cardiac and vascular aging processes starting early in life. Hormonal and non-hormonal factors contribute to these sex-specific cardiovascular aging patterns.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Science
  • Gerontology
  • Sex Differences in Medicine

Background:

  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) outcomes show gaps between men and women, yet understanding sex-specific differences in presentation and aging remains limited.
  • Sex-specific cardiac and vascular aging patterns emerge early in life and influence CVD development.
  • Differences in age-related cardiac remodeling contribute to higher rates of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of sex-specific cardiovascular aging in the differing presentations of CVD between men and women.
  • To elucidate the influence of hormonal and non-hormonal factors on sex differences in cardiovascular aging.
  • To assess the impact of the menopausal transition on cardiovascular risk in women compared to intrinsic sex differences.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on sex differences in cardiovascular aging.
  • Analysis of age-related cardiac remodeling patterns in men versus women.
  • Examination of vascular structure and function changes with aging across sexes.
  • Evaluation of hormonal (e.g., oestrogen) and non-hormonal factors in sex-specific CVD development.

Main Results:

  • Sex-specific aging of the heart and vasculature contributes significantly to CVD presentation differences.
  • Women exhibit a greater prevalence of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, linked to cardiac remodeling differences.
  • Vascular aging variations contribute to typical and atypical coronary artery disease manifestations in men and women.
  • While oestrogen withdrawal in menopause increases cardiovascular risk, intrinsic biological sex differences play a substantial role throughout life.

Conclusions:

  • Sex-specific cardiovascular aging is a critical determinant of CVD presentation and outcomes.
  • Both hormonal and non-hormonal factors underlie sex differences in cardiovascular aging, impacting disease development.
  • Understanding these sex-specific aging processes is crucial for addressing cardiovascular health disparities.