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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
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The concept of stress concentration is crucial for understanding how materials respond under bending stresses, particularly when there are irregularities or discontinuities in the material's geometry. Normally, stress in a symmetric member subjected to pure bending is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire cross-section. However, this assumption does not hold when there are variations in the cross-sectional geometry or the presence of notches and holes.
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A Preclinical Model of Exertional Heat Stroke in Mice
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Modeling heat stress under different environmental conditions.

M J Carabaño1, B Logar2, J Bormann3

  • 1Animal Breeding and Genetics Department, National Institute for Research and Technology in Agriculture (INIA), Ctra. de La Coruña kn7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.

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Summary

Climate change increases heat stress (HS) in dairy cows. This study found HS thresholds vary by region and milk components, with higher-producing cows showing less persistent milk quality and quantity under heat. A cubic model best described these responses.

Keywords:
Holstein cattleclimate changeheat stress model

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Climate Change Impact
  • Dairy Production

Background:

  • Climate change is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events, raising concerns about heat stress (HS) in livestock.
  • Understanding the impact of temperature and humidity on dairy cattle productivity is crucial for adapting management strategies.
  • Existing models for HS effects may not fully capture regional and population-specific variations in dairy cows.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effects of temperature and humidity on milk production (yield, fat, protein) in Holstein dairy cattle across diverse European regions.
  • To identify differences and similarities in heat stress thresholds and responses among populations in Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia, and Spain.
  • To compare different modeling approaches for optimizing heat stress effect modeling in dairy cattle.

Main Methods:

  • Merged milk test day data (1999-2010) with meteorological data (temperature, humidity) for Holstein populations in four European regions.
  • Calculated daily average and maximum Temperature-Humidity Index (THIavg, THImax) to quantify heat load.
  • Utilized change point techniques and compared broken line, quadratic, and cubic models to determine HS thresholds and response patterns.

Main Results:

  • Heat stress thresholds varied across traits and regions, with milk yield showing an inverted U-shaped response peaking around 73 THImax.
  • Fat and protein production had lower HS thresholds than milk yield, with Spain showing higher thresholds compared to other countries.
  • A cubic polynomial model best described the production response to heat load, indicating higher-producing cows had less persistent production under heat stress.

Conclusions:

  • Dairy cattle exhibit distinct heat stress responses influenced by climate, production systems, and individual productivity levels.
  • Animals in temperate climates (Belgium, Luxembourg) experienced heat stress at lower heat loads compared to those in warmer climates (Spain).
  • The findings highlight the need for region-specific and cow-specific models to accurately predict and manage heat stress impacts on dairy production.