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Voltage Dividers

Voltage Dividers

In electrical circuits, resistors can be connected in series, sequentially linked one after the other. In a series configuration, the same current flows through each resistor. Ohm's law is a fundamental principle to understand the behavior of resistors in series. It expresses the voltage across these resistors in terms of the current and resistance.
Kirchhoff's voltage law implies that the sum of the voltages across the resistors in series equals the source voltage. This means that the current...

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.

Standing Waves in a Cavity

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

Maximum Power Transfer

Maximum Power Transfer

Numerous practical applications within engineering disciplines, such as telecommunications, necessitate optimizing power delivery to a connected load. This pursuit, however, entails inherent internal losses, which can either equal or exceed the power supplied to the load. The Thevenin equivalent circuit is helpful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit can deliver to a load. It is assumed in this context that the load resistance can be adjusted.
By substituting the entire circuit with...

Impedance Combination

Impedance Combination

Consider a string of christmas lights, each bulb symbolizing an impedance element. In this series configuration, the flow of electric current remains uniform across every component. This behavior aligns with Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL), which asserts that the total impedance in such a setup equals the sum of individual impedances—akin to resistors in series. It follows that the voltage from the power source is distributed proportionally among these components, adhering to the voltage...

Mesh Analysis for AC Circuits

Mesh Analysis for AC Circuits

In the domain of radio communication, the significance of impedance matching must be considered. It is crucial to ensure the efficient transmission of signals between radio transmitters and receivers. Achieving this balance involves using impedance-matching circuits, with one fundamental configuration comprising a resistor, capacitor, and inductor.
The process of harmonizing these impedances begins with a clear understanding of the input and output signals. Once these signals are known, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

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Published on: April 16, 2015

Compact high-power microwave divider and combiner.

L T Guo¹, C Chang¹, W H Huang¹

¹Science and Technology of High Power Microwave Laboratory, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710024, China.

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|March 3, 2016

Summary

This study presents novel compact power dividers and combiners for high-power applications. Both devices demonstrate excellent power handling capabilities and low signal loss, validated by theoretical and experimental results.

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Area of Science:

Electromagnetics
Microwave Engineering
High-Power RF Systems

Background:

Mode conversion in microwave devices is crucial for efficient power handling.
Compact designs are needed to reduce system size and complexity in high-power applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To theoretically design and experimentally validate novel, compact TM01-TE10 mode power dividers.
To theoretically design and experimentally validate novel, compact four-way TE10-TM01 mode power combiners.

Main Methods:

Theoretical design using electromagnetic principles.
Experimental testing to verify S-parameters and performance.
High-power capacity testing.

Main Results:

Consistent agreement between theoretical and experimental S-parameters for both devices.
Demonstrated high power capacities of at least 1.5 GW for the power divider.
Demonstrated high power capacities of at least 3 GW for the power combiner.

Conclusions:

The novel compact power divider and combiner exhibit excellent high-power handling capabilities.
These devices offer low insertion losses, making them suitable for demanding RF applications.
The proof-of-principle experiments confirm the theoretical designs and device performance.