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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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    This study investigates plant-induced apoptosis, a programmed cell death process, to assess anti-cancer potential. Preliminary tests on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells and DNA analysis were performed.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Molecular Biology
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is crucial for tissue homeostasis.
    • It plays a role in both physiological and pathological conditions.
    • Understanding apoptosis mechanisms is key to developing anti-cancer therapies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the anti-tumour and anti-cancer activities of plants.
    • To investigate the induction of apoptosis by plant-derived compounds.
    • To establish preliminary methods for assessing apoptotic activity.

    Main Methods:

    • Assessing the apoptotic activity of plant extracts.
    • Utilizing Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells for in vitro testing.
    • Performing DNA analysis as a preliminary assessment of apoptosis.

    Main Results:

    • The study focused on methods for detecting apoptosis.
    • Preliminary DNA analysis was conducted on EAC cells.
    • The apoptotic activity was assessed as an indicator of anti-cancer potential.

    Conclusions:

    • Plant-derived compounds show potential for anti-cancer activity through apoptosis induction.
    • Standardized methods for apoptosis assessment are crucial.
    • Further research is warranted to explore specific plant compounds and their mechanisms.