Microbiome alterations in HIV infection a review

Area of Science:

• Microbiology
• Immunology
• Virology

Background:

• Advances in molecular techniques enable identification of uncultured microbes, expanding knowledge of the human commensal microbiota.
• Persistent immune activation in HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is linked to bacterial translocation from the intestines.
• Studies in SIV-infected primates show Proteobacteria translocation and potential restoration of mucosal immunity with probiotics.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the existing literature on the human microbiome in the context of HIV infection.
• To explore the role of gut and genital tract microbiota in HIV acquisition, transmission, and disease progression.
• To discuss the potential of microbiome modification as a therapeutic strategy for HIV.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies investigating the human microbiome in HIV infection.
• Analysis of findings from both human cohorts and animal models (SIV-infected primates).
• Examination of the impact of probiotics on host markers in HIV-infected individuals.

Main Results:

• HIV-infected individuals exhibit distinct gut microbiota compared to HIV-negative controls.
• Bacterial translocation, particularly of Proteobacteria, is associated with immune activation in HIV.
• Probiotic interventions have shown positive effects on host markers in some HIV cohorts.
• Genital tract microbiota may influence HIV acquisition and transmission.

Conclusions:

• The human microbiome is significantly altered in HIV infection and plays a role in disease pathogenesis.
• Targeting and modifying the microbiome, potentially with probiotics, represents a promising adjunctive therapy for HIV management.
• Further research into the complex interplay between the microbiome and HIV is warranted.