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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

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Hell of a theory.

Joachim I Krueger1

  • 1Department of Cognitive,Linguistic & Psychological Sciences,Brown University,Providence,RI 02912.joachim@brown.eduhttp://research.brown.edu/research/profile.php?id=10378.

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences
|March 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The theory of Big God religions as a driver of cultural evolution is challenged. Belief in Big Gods is not essential for explaining in-group cooperation and discipline, according to this analysis.

Area of Science:

  • Cultural evolution
  • Social psychology
  • Religious studies

Background:

  • The theory of group-selected Big God religions proposes a master narrative for cultural evolution.
  • This theory is supported by a positive manifold of correlated assumptions and variables.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the elasticity and explanatory power of the Big God theory.
  • To determine if belief in Big Gods is a necessary or sufficient condition for in-group prosociality and discipline.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the core tenets of the Big God theory.
  • Examination of empirical evidence supporting and challenging the theory.
  • Identification of specific issues illustrating the theory's limitations.

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Main Results:

  • The Big God theory, while provocative, is found to be overly elastic.
  • Belief in Big Gods is neither necessary nor sufficient to explain in-group prosociality and discipline.
  • Four specific issues highlight the limitations and oversimplifications of the theory.

Conclusions:

  • The master narrative of group-selected Big God religions requires re-evaluation.
  • Alternative or supplementary explanations are needed to fully account for in-group cooperation and discipline.
  • The critical role of Big God belief in cultural evolution is questioned.