Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

66
In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
66
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

66
Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
66
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

31.7K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
31.7K
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

55
Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
55
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

5.8K
Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
5.8K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

20.4K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
20.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

How Prosocial Motivation Is Related to Nurses' Taking Charge at Work: A Multiwave, Multisource Survey and Two Cross-Sectional, Cross-National Surveys.

Journal of nursing management·2026
Same author

Research on Auxiliary Decision-Making System for Manned Underwater Vehicle Damage Management Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Metal-Organic Framework as a Bioorthogonal Catalyst for Gene Editing.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Experiences Related to Learned Helplessness and Support Needs Among Patients with Recurrent Implantation Failure Undergoing in vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer: A Qualitative Study.

Psychology research and behavior management·2026
Same author

Carbonic Anhydrase 2 and Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase Mediate Family-Dependent Nitrite Tolerance via Modulating Branchial Ion Transport and Acid-Base Balance in <i>Penaeus vannamei</i>.

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI·2026
Same author

Ultralong phosphorescence visualization of dynamic behavior in shape-memory materials at high temperature.

Science bulletin·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction
09:35

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction

Published on: July 21, 2017

9.6K

Co-crystal formation based on structural matching.

Liping Zhou1, Stephanie Dodd2, Christina Capacci-Daniel3

  • 1Ipsen Bioscience, 650 E. Kendall Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States.

European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences : Official Journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences
|March 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a co-crystal screening strategy, identifying a novel co-crystal that significantly enhanced drug exposure by 12 times, overcoming solubility limitations.

Keywords:
4-Aminobenzoic acidCo-crystalDissolutionFormHydrogen bondSaltSolid stateSolubility

More Related Videos

Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening
14:04

Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening

Published on: January 16, 2021

5.1K
Combining Wet and Dry Lab Techniques to Guide the Crystallization of Large Coiled-coil Containing Proteins
11:14

Combining Wet and Dry Lab Techniques to Guide the Crystallization of Large Coiled-coil Containing Proteins

Published on: January 6, 2017

8.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction
09:35

Microcrystallography of Protein Crystals and In Cellulo Diffraction

Published on: July 21, 2017

9.6K
Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening
14:04

Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening

Published on: January 16, 2021

5.1K
Combining Wet and Dry Lab Techniques to Guide the Crystallization of Large Coiled-coil Containing Proteins
11:14

Combining Wet and Dry Lab Techniques to Guide the Crystallization of Large Coiled-coil Containing Proteins

Published on: January 6, 2017

8.5K

Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Co-crystals are crystalline solids containing two or more components in a defined stoichiometric ratio, without proton transfer.
  • Enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is crucial for effective drug delivery.
  • Developing rational co-former selection strategies can improve the efficiency of co-crystal screening.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a rational co-former selection strategy for co-crystal screening.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of this strategy using a drug candidate.
  • To improve the pharmacokinetic profile of a poorly soluble API through co-crystallization.

Main Methods:

  • Co-former selection based on hydrogen bonding potential and structural diversity.
  • Two-tiered co-crystal screening approach.
  • Physicochemical stability, dissolution, and in-vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation of identified co-crystals.

Main Results:

  • The rational screening strategy identified two hits in the first tier and five hits in the second tier.
  • A 4-aminobenzoic acid co-crystal of drug candidate A was selected for in-vivo studies.
  • The selected co-crystal exhibited a 12-fold increase in drug exposure compared to the free form.

Conclusions:

  • The developed co-former selection strategy is effective for identifying promising co-crystals.
  • Co-crystallization can significantly enhance the bioavailability of poorly soluble APIs.
  • This approach offers a viable method to overcome solubility-limited exposure and improve drug efficacy.