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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

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Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
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Antiasthma Drugs: Leukotriene Modifiers01:19

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Leukotriene modifiers, or cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonists, are medications used to manage chronic asthma. These agents target specific inflammatory mediators produced during arachidonic acid metabolism, an essential process in generating inflammation in the body.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

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Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum...
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Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice
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What Causes Lupus Flares?

David Fernandez1, Kyriakos A Kirou2

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.

Current Rheumatology Reports
|March 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by flares. Managing SLE requires controlling immune system activation and preventing organ damage, with hopes for new targeted biologic treatments.

Keywords:
DrugsFlareHormonesInfectionsSystemic lupus erythematosusTriggers

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease with a relapsing-remitting course.
  • Disease flares in SLE can be spontaneous or triggered by environmental factors like UV light, infections, hormones, and drugs.
  • Flares and their treatments, particularly glucocorticoids, can lead to significant organ damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the nature of SLE flares and their triggers.
  • To emphasize the importance of vigilant monitoring and prompt treatment of SLE flares.
  • To highlight the need for effective and targeted therapies for long-term remission.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SLE pathogenesis and clinical course.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to SLE flares and disease progression.
  • Discussion of current treatment strategies and their limitations.

Main Results:

  • Environmental factors can precipitate SLE flares by activating the immune system.
  • Uncontrolled flares and aggressive treatments contribute to cumulative organ damage.
  • Effective management necessitates suppressing aberrant immune responses.

Conclusions:

  • Tight surveillance and timely intervention are crucial for controlling SLE flares.
  • Judicious use of treatments is required to achieve long-term remission.
  • Development of novel, targeted biologic therapies is anticipated for improved SLE management.