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The Oral Microbiota

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The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
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Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
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The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
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The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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The human skin serves as a complex ecosystem inhabited by a diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining skin health and defending against pathogenic invaders. The composition of microbial communities varies significantly across different regions of the body, influenced primarily by the local levels of moisture and sebum.Regional Variation in Skin MicrobiotaCutibacterium acnes predominantly colonizes sebaceous...
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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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The microbiome-systemic diseases connection.

T A van der Meulen1, Hjm Harmsen2, H Bootsma3

  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. t.a.van.der.meulen@umcg.nl.

Oral Diseases
|March 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The human microbiome, comprising microorganisms in the body, influences mucosal immunity. Imbalances in the microbiome may contribute to systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs) and offer new therapeutic avenues.

Keywords:
autoimmune diseaseautoinflammatory diseasesbacteriaimmunologyimmunopathologyinflammatory diseasesmicrobiologypathogenesisrheumatology

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Immunology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • The human microbiome involves microorganisms in the skin, mucous membranes, and gut.
  • The mucosal immune system balances microbial interactions, involving antigens and metabolites.
  • Systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs) feature immune derangement, chronic inflammation, and autoantibodies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the human microbiome's role in systemic autoimmune diseases (SADs).
  • To explore the connection between gut and oral microbiome and SADs.
  • To discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting the microbiome.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of the human microbiome and mucosal immunity.
  • Summary of current research on the microbiome-SADs connection.
  • Exploration of microbial dysbiosis and its impact on immune responses.

Main Results:

  • Microbial dysbiosis can cause mucosal inflammation and increased intestinal permeability.
  • Inflammatory mediators can spread systemically, increasing risk at distant sites.
  • Increased intestinal permeability enhances antigen exposure and autoantibody production.

Conclusions:

  • The human microbiome plays a critical role in SADs.
  • Microbiome-targeted therapies like diet, probiotics, and prebiotics show therapeutic promise.
  • Understanding the microbiome-SAD link is crucial for developing novel treatments.