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Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

4.3K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

15.1K
Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
Ribosome biogenesis begins with the synthesis of 5S and 45S pre-rRNAs by distinct RNA polymerases. The primary transcripts are extensively processed and modified before they are bound and folded by ribosomal proteins and assembly factors,...
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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Eukaryotic Polyribosome Profile Analysis
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Eukaryotic Polyribosome Profile Analysis

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Ribosome Profiling as a Tool to Decipher Viral Complexity.

Noam Stern-Ginossar1, Nicholas T Ingolia2

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;

Annual Review of Virology
|March 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ribosome profiling reveals novel viral proteins, including micropeptides, encoded within herpesvirus genomes. This technique enhances understanding of viral gene expression and immune evasion strategies.

Keywords:
herpesviruslncRNAmicropeptidetranslationuORF

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Viral genomes possess unusual translational mechanisms for dense coding and evading host defenses.
  • Accurate annotation of viral proteomes is crucial for understanding viral life cycles and immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the utility of ribosome profiling for experimentally annotating viral genomes.
  • To identify previously undiscovered translated sequences and micropeptides within herpesviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Application of ribosome profiling to human cytomegalovirus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genomes.
  • Confirmation of synthesized viral proteins using mass spectrometry and T cell response assays.

Main Results:

  • Ribosome profiling identified translated sequences within long noncoding RNAs and novel micropeptides.
  • The synthesis of these newly identified viral proteins was experimentally validated.

Conclusions:

  • Ribosome profiling is a powerful tool for the direct, experimental annotation of viral genomes.
  • This technique significantly expands the known viral proteome and aids in understanding viral biology and host interactions.