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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Nucleosome repositioning underlies dynamic gene expression.

Nicolas Nocetti1, Iestyn Whitehouse2

  • 1Molecular Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA; BCMB Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA.

Genes & Development
|March 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nucleosome repositioning extensively regulates gene expression in yeast. This study reveals dynamic chromatin changes during the cell cycle, impacting gene activation and growth, with Snf2 being crucial for these processes.

Keywords:
SWI/SNFchromatinnucleosometranscription

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Nucleosome repositioning is key to regulating gene expression.
  • The genome-wide role of nucleosome repositioning in eukaryotes remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze nucleosome positions during synchronized ultradian cell cycles in budding yeast.
  • To investigate the role of nucleosome dynamics in gene activation, repression, and cell cycle progression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of nucleosome positions in synchronized budding yeast.
  • Correlation of nucleosome shifting with gene transcription dynamics, DNA sequence, and coactivator usage (TFIID, SAGA).
  • Investigation of the role of the Snf2 chromatin remodeler.

Main Results:

  • Extensive nucleosome repositioning occurs at thousands of gene promoters during gene activation and repression.
  • Nucleosome shifting correlates with transcriptional dynamic range and is influenced by DNA sequence and coactivators.
  • Genes essential for growth show acute nucleosome shifting during cell cycle entry, mediated by Snf2.
  • Cell cycle phases are associated with distinct nucleosome organization, including arrays in mitosis.

Conclusions:

  • Nucleosome repositioning is a pervasive mechanism controlling gene expression dynamics across the yeast genome.
  • Snf2 is a critical enzyme for nucleosome repositioning and the expression of growth-related genes.
  • Dynamic chromatin organization is intrinsically linked to cell cycle progression and fundamental DNA transactions.