Hormones and endometrial carcinogenesis.

Area of Science:

• Gynecological Oncology
• Endocrinology
• Cancer Pathogenesis

Background:

• Endometrial cancer (EC) is a prevalent gynecological malignancy in Western countries, with rising incidence linked to increased longevity and obesity.
• Endogenous ovarian hormones (oestrogens, progesterone, androgens) are critical regulators of the endometrium and are implicated in endometrial carcinogenesis.
• While the role of unopposed oestrogen is well-studied, the involvement of androgens and gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH) in EC pathogenesis requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

• To consolidate current knowledge on the role of endogenous ovarian hormones in endometrial carcinogenesis.
• To examine the emerging roles of androgens and GnRH in endometrial cancer development.
• To identify key areas for future research in hormone-mediated endometrial carcinogenesis.

Main Methods:

• Comprehensive literature review of existing studies on hormone involvement in endometrial cancer.
• Analysis of the direct and indirect effects of oestrogens, progesterone, and androgens on endometrial cell function and carcinogenesis.
• Exploration of the influence of other hormones, including GnRH, on endometrial cancer pathways.

Main Results:

• Oestrogens, particularly unopposed oestrogen, are established drivers of endometrial cell proliferation and EC.
• Androgens may play a complex role in EC, potentially influencing tumour growth and progression.
• GnRH and its signalling pathways are increasingly recognized as potential modulators of endometrial carcinogenesis.

Conclusions:

• A deeper understanding of the multifaceted roles of ovarian hormones, beyond oestrogen, is crucial for advancing EC prevention and treatment strategies.
• Further research into the specific mechanisms by which androgens and GnRH influence endometrial cancer is warranted.
• Integrating hormonal insights into clinical practice may lead to more personalized approaches for managing and preventing endometrial cancer.