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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Functions can be combined to form new mathematical models that describe interactions between variables. These combinations are fundamental in understanding relationships between changing quantities and are commonly encountered in scientific and engineering contexts. The combination methods—addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and composition—each have unique implications for the resulting function’s domain and behavior.When combining functions through arithmetic...
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Agonism and Antagonism: Quantification01:14

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When drugs are administered, they can elicit either an agonist or antagonist effect on the body. Agonism occurs when a drug activates a specific receptor, triggering a biological response. On the other hand, antagonism happens when a drug binds to the same receptors but blocks their activation, thereby preventing a biological response.
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Exponents provide a compact and efficient way of representing repeated multiplication. These tools are fundamental to algebra and broader areas of mathematics, including scientific computation, scaling laws, and dimensional analysis.Exponent Rules and PropertiesExponential notation expresses the repeated multiplication of a number by itself. For any nonzero real number a and integer n, an represent a multiplied by itself n times. Key properties include: These properties allow for the...
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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Long-term Potentiation of Perforant Pathway-dentate Gyrus Synapse in Freely Behaving Mice
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[Potentiation strategies].

Olivier Doumy1, Djamila Bennabi2, Wissam El-Hage3

  • 1Centre expert Dépression résistante FondaMental, CH Charles-Perrens, Pôle de Psychiatrie générale et universitaire, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France.

Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
|March 14, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lithium and thyroid hormones are effective add-on treatments for depression unresponsive to standard medication. Second-generation antipsychotics also show efficacy but require careful monitoring for side effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Depression treatment resistance is a significant clinical challenge.
  • Standard antidepressants are often insufficient for some patients.

Purpose:

  • To review the efficacy of various add-on therapies for treatment-resistant depression.
  • To compare lithium, antiepileptics, thyroid hormones, and antipsychotics.

Summary:

  • Lithium requires specific plasma levels (>0.5 mEq/L) for effectiveness.
  • Thyroid hormones are effective when TSH is near or below the lower limit of normal (0.4 μUI/L).
  • Second-generation antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, quetiapine) demonstrate consistent efficacy but necessitate monitoring for cardiovascular and metabolic adverse effects. Mood-stabilizing antiepileptics lack conclusive evidence.

Impact:

  • Provides guidance on selecting effective add-on strategies for treatment-resistant depression.
  • Highlights the need for therapeutic drug monitoring and adverse event surveillance.