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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators
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Endoplasmic reticulum-mediated signalling in cellular microdomains.

L A Biwer1,2, B E Isakson1,2

  • 1Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.

Acta Physiologica (Oxford, England)
|March 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for cell signaling, acting as a calcium store and synthesis site. Its unique structure enables localized communication, maintaining cellular health and organism homeostasis.

Keywords:
calcium microdomainsendoplasmic reticulumintracellular signallinglipid transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Organelle Function

Background:

  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is vital for cellular signaling, calcium storage, and biosynthesis of proteins and lipids.
  • Its peripheral network of tubules and sheets supports signaling in distal cellular regions.
  • Specific membrane proteins dictate ER architecture and stability, enabling projection into confined cellular spaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cellular signaling.
  • To explore how ER structure influences signaling microdomains and inter-organelle communication.
  • To highlight the ER's function in maintaining cellular physiology and organism homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ER membrane protein functions in shaping ER architecture.
  • Investigation of localized protein, ion channel, and cytoskeletal element expression in signaling microdomains.
  • Examination of lipid transfer mechanisms between the ER and other organelles like the Golgi and mitochondria.

Main Results:

  • The peripheral ER network facilitates calcium and lipid signaling, particularly in remote cellular areas.
  • Signaling microdomains exhibit distinct molecular compositions, separate from the general cytoplasm.
  • Efficient lipid transfer occurs via specialized proteins at ER-mitochondria junctions.

Conclusions:

  • The ER's structural adaptability allows for discrete and temporal signaling essential for cellular function.
  • The ER acts as a central hub for biosynthesis, calcium regulation, and stress response.
  • Inter-organelle communication, especially with mitochondria, is critical for cellular processes and overall homeostasis.