Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.

Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Vaccine Production

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

Cross-reactivity

Cross-reactivity

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Efficacy of Upadacitinib Retreatment or Dose Escalation After Loss of Response in Ulcerative Colitis: Data From the Open-Label Extension of the U-ACTIVATE Study.

Gastro hep advances·2026

Same author

Elevated serum aminotransferases in an infant with failure to thrive: A clinicopathological case report.

JPGN reports·2026

Same author

Epidemiologic Incentive to Eliminate Hepatitis C Virus in More Children.

JAMA network open·2026

Same author

Condition-Specific Growth Charts for Children With Alagille Syndrome.

JAMA network open·2025

Same author

Phenotypic Divergence of JAG1- and NOTCH2-Associated Alagille Syndrome & Disease-Specific NOTCH2 Variant Classification Guidelines.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2025

Same author

Long-term efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir-based direct-acting antiviral regimens in paediatric patients with hepatitis C virus infection: an international registry study.

The Lancet. Child & adolescent health·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis Vaccines.

Sina Ogholikhan¹, Kathleen B Schwarz²

¹Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Liver Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, CMSC 2-125, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. sogholi1@jhmi.edu.

|March 16, 2016

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Vaccines for hepatitis A and B significantly reduce disease, but challenges remain for hepatitis C and E vaccines. Research continues to combat viral hepatitis globally.

Keywords:

hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E vaccines

More Related Videos

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 24, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Development of a Hepatitis B Virus Reporter System to Monitor the Early Stages of the Replication Cycle

Published on: February 1, 2017

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

"Liver-on-a-Chip" Cultures of Primary Hepatocytes and Kupffer Cells for Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Published on: February 19, 2019

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Vaccinology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Viral hepatitis poses a significant global health burden.
Vaccinations against hepatitis A and B have substantially decreased disease rates.
Hepatitis D, C, and E present ongoing challenges in prevention and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the epidemiology, vaccine development, and outcomes for hepatitis A and B.
To explore strategies for a hepatitis D vaccine and address hepatitis C vaccine development hurdles.
To present global data on hepatitis E vaccination and discuss future directions for all viral hepatitis types.

Main Methods:

Literature review of epidemiological data.
Analysis of vaccine development pathways and clinical trial outcomes.
Examination of global vaccination strategies and challenges.

Main Results:

Hepatitis A and B vaccines are effective in reducing morbidity and mortality.
No approved vaccines currently exist for hepatitis C and E.
Hepatitis D vaccine development is ongoing, targeting hepatitis B-infected populations.

Conclusions:

Vaccination is a cornerstone in managing hepatitis A and B.
Significant challenges persist in developing vaccines for hepatitis C and E.
Continued research and global efforts are crucial to reduce the impact of all viral hepatitis infections.