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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

Nose and Nasal Cavity

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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
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[Olfaction: from nose to cortex].

Pierre Bonfils

    Bulletin De L'Academie Nationale De Medecine
    |March 18, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Olfactory physiology, crucial for smell, involves nasal airflow, perireceptor events, transduction, and central olfaction. Pathologies like nasal polyposis, rhinitis, and neurodegenerative disorders can impair these smell functions.

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    Area of Science:

    • Olfactory physiology and pathology.
    • Neuroscience and sensory systems.

    Context:

    • The sense of smell involves complex physiological processes at multiple stages.
    • These stages include nasal airflow, perireceptor events, signal transduction, and central processing.
    • Various pathological conditions can disrupt normal olfactory function.

    Purpose:

    • To outline the key steps in olfactory physiology.
    • To identify the primary pathologies associated with each step.
    • To provide a framework for understanding smell disorders.

    Summary:

    • Olfactory physiology comprises four main stages: nasal airflow, perireceptor events, transduction via olfactory neurons and G protein-coupled receptors, and central olfaction in the brain.
    • Pathologies include nasal polyposis (airflow), chronic rhinitis (perireceptor events), viral rhinitis (transduction), and neurodegenerative disorders (central olfaction).

    Impact:

    • Understanding these physiological steps and their associated pathologies is vital for diagnosing and treating smell dysfunctions.
    • This knowledge aids in developing targeted therapeutic strategies for olfactory disorders.
    • Highlights the link between olfactory system health and neurological conditions.