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Related Concept Videos

Tonicity in Animals01:16

Tonicity in Animals

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Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
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Tonicity in Animals00:59

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The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
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Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions02:40

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A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
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Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
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Ionic Strength: Overview01:12

Ionic Strength: Overview

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The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first introduced in 1921 by two American physical chemists, Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall, while describing the activity coefficient of strong electrolytes. During the calculation of ionic strength (I or μ), all the cations and anions are considered. However, the concentration (c) of an ion with a greater charge number (z) has a greater contribution...
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Intranasal Administration of CNS Therapeutics to Awake Mice
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0.9% saline is neither normal nor physiological.

Heng Li1, Shi-ren Sun2, John Q Yap3

  • 1Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China.

Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B
|March 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

0.9% saline infusion can cause harmful effects like metabolic acidosis and kidney injury, especially in large volumes or critically ill patients. Careful consideration and education on saline

Keywords:
0.9% salineAcidosisBalanced fluidsHyperchloremiaHyperkalemiaRenal hemodynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Pathophysiology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Electrolyte balance and saline effects are poorly understood by physicians.
  • Inappropriate saline prescribing leads to increased morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate biochemical and pathophysiological properties of 0.9% saline.
  • To discuss saline's impact on acid-base balance and renal hemodynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on saline infusion effects.
  • Analysis of biochemical and pathophysiological data.
  • Clinical outcome assessment in various patient groups.

Main Results:

  • Large-volume saline causes hyperchloremia, metabolic acidosis, and hyperkalemia.
  • Saline overload in rodents leads to intestinal edema and dysfunction.
  • Saline infusion impairs renal hemodynamics, reduces perfusion, and increases kidney volume.
  • Clinical use in surgery patients is linked to adverse effects like increased transfusions and prolonged hospital stays.
  • In critically ill patients, saline increases acute kidney injury compared to balanced fluids.

Conclusions:

  • Saline is a highly acidic fluid with potential complications.
  • Indiscriminate saline use, particularly in acutely ill patients, should be avoided.
  • Enhanced education on saline's effects and electrolyte management is crucial.