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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

29
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
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Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

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The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible...
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Retrovirus Life Cycles01:10

Retrovirus Life Cycles

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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Related Experiment Video

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Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model
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HIV and Hepatitis Testing: Global Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions.

Philippa Easterbrook1, Cheryl Johnson1, Carmen Figueroa1

  • 1HIV Department, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.

AIDS Reviews
|March 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Global health strategies for HIV and viral hepatitis (HBV, HCV) testing are crucial. While HIV testing has advanced, many remain undiagnosed; hepatitis testing faces significant global challenges requiring improved diagnostics and guidelines.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Global Health

Background:

  • HIV and viral hepatitis (Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus) are major global chronic diseases with shared transmission routes and public health challenges.
  • Testing and diagnosis are critical entry points for care, treatment, and prevention, essential for effective epidemic control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common goals and principles for public health approaches to HIV and hepatitis testing.
  • To summarize progress, challenges, and future directions in HIV and hepatitis testing strategies worldwide.

Main Methods:

  • Review of global progress in HIV testing scale-up, including provider-initiated testing, community-based services, and rapid diagnostics.
  • Analysis of challenges in hepatitis testing, such as diagnostic test availability, laboratory capacity, data gaps, and stigma.
  • Identification of lessons learned from the HIV response applicable to hepatitis testing strategies.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress in HIV testing has been achieved, yet 46% of people living with HIV remain unaware of their status, often diagnosed late.
  • Hepatitis testing remains fragmented, with substantial burdens of undiagnosed cases globally due to diagnostic, infrastructural, and guideline limitations.
  • The HIV response offers valuable lessons for improving hepatitis testing, supported by forthcoming WHO tools and strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Continued efforts are needed to close testing gaps for HIV, particularly for key populations, men, adolescents, and children.
  • Addressing challenges in hepatitis testing, including developing low-cost diagnostics and clear guidelines, is essential for a global response.
  • Leveraging experiences from HIV testing expansion can accelerate progress in hepatitis diagnosis and care worldwide.