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Related Concept Videos

Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

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Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced...
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
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Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants01:18

Anticoagulant Drugs: Vitamin K Antagonists and Direct Oral Anticoagulants

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Oral anticoagulants are vital tools in preventing and treating blood clotting disorders. This diverse class of medications can be categorized as vitamin K antagonists, exemplified by warfarin, and direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs), such as dabigatran, as well as factor Xa inhibitors, including rivaroxaban.
Warfarin, a prominent vitamin K antagonist family member, exerts its effect by inhibiting the enzyme VKORC1 (vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1). By hindering this enzyme, warfarin...
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Minerals01:26

Minerals

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Minerals are essential nutrients that the human body needs in small amounts to work properly. They play a vital role in many bodily functions, such as building strong bones and transmitting nerve impulses. Some minerals are needed for hormone production or to maintain a normal heartbeat. Major minerals include calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium, while trace minerals include iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
 
Major...
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Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests01:15

Myasthenia Gravis: Diagnostic Tests

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Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune condition affecting neuromuscular transmission, causing generalized weakness in skeletal muscles. Initial diagnoses rely on patients' signs, symptoms, and medical history. The challenge lies in distinguishing myasthenia from other muscular dystrophies. An important diagnostic feature is the significant improvement of symptoms after administering anticholinesterase inhibitors.
The edrophonium test is a diagnostic tool for myasthenia gravis. It involves...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport
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Using Multi-fluorinated Bile Acids and In Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Bile Acid Transport

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The difficulties with vitamin B12.

Ruth Dobson1, Debie Alvares2

  • 1Hurstwood Park Neurosciences Centre, Haywards Heath.

Practical Neurology
|March 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Even with normal serum vitamin B12 levels, neurological symptoms like sensory ataxia and optic neuropathy may indicate deficiency. Parenteral vitamin B12 is crucial for managing these severe neurological manifestations.

Keywords:
B12 DEFICIENCY

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One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure
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Related Experiment Videos

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One-step Metabolomics: Carbohydrates, Organic and Amino Acids Quantified in a Single Procedure
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Clinical Medicine
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause severe neurological damage.
  • Oral supplementation may not be sufficient for neurological recovery.

Observation:

  • A 22-year-old woman presented with progressive sensory ataxia and optic neuropathy.
  • Initial oral vitamin B12 supplementation did not fully resolve symptoms.
  • Neurological investigations revealed elevated homocysteine and methylmalonic acid.

Findings:

  • MRI confirmed subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.
  • High-dose parenteral vitamin B12 led to partial neurological recovery.

Implications:

  • Parenteral vitamin B12 is essential for treating neurological manifestations of deficiency, regardless of serum levels.
  • Ancillary investigations are vital for diagnosing vitamin B12 deficiency in neurological cases.
  • Early and aggressive parenteral treatment can improve patient outcomes.