Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

9.9K
The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
9.9K
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

17.9K
The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
17.9K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

17.2K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
17.2K
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

17.8K
Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
17.8K
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

4.0K
The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
4.0K
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

85.8K
Overview
85.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

From confusion to acceptance: overcoming challenges using a fighting spirit and the power of support - a qualitative study of young adults' experiences in the first year after diagnosis in early onset of chronic inflammatory joint disease.

Scandinavian journal of rheumatology·2025
Same author

Tracing the identity of Parmigiano Reggiano "Prodotto di Montagna - Progetto Territorio" cheese using NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis.

Analytica chimica acta·2023
Same author

Serum IL-23 significantly decreased in obese patients with psoriatic arthritis six months after a structured weight loss intervention.

Arthritis research & therapy·2023
Same author

Osteopenia/osteoporosis develops in the early phase of disease in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies.

Scandinavian journal of rheumatology·2021
Same author

Disease activity trajectories in rheumatoid arthritis: a tool for prediction of outcome.

Scandinavian journal of rheumatology·2020
Same author

Distinct patterns of naive, activated and memory T and B cells in blood of patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease.

Clinical and experimental immunology·2019

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

16.1K

CD21(-/low) B cells in human blood are memory cells.

K Thorarinsdottir1,2, A Camponeschi1,3, N Cavallini1

  • 1Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg.

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|March 25, 2016
PubMed
Summary

CD21-low B cells, found in healthy adults, are identified as memory B cells. These cells, distinct from naive B cells, exhibit unique characteristics and respond to stimulation, suggesting a role in immune memory.

Keywords:
B cellsCD21TLRmemoryperipheral blood

More Related Videos

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells
10:26

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells

Published on: January 20, 2019

13.3K
Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development
08:25

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Published on: January 22, 2021

19.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 23, 2026

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

16.1K
In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells
10:26

In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells

Published on: January 20, 2019

13.3K
Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development
08:25

Flow Cytometric Characterization of Murine B Cell Development

Published on: January 22, 2021

19.2K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Complement receptor 2 (CR2, CD21) acts as a B cell co-receptor, lowering the threshold for B cell activation.
  • Low or absent surface CD21 (CD21(-/low)) B cells are elevated in chronic inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
  • The CD21(-/low) B cell subset in healthy individuals remains poorly characterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the CD21(-/low) B cell subset in peripheral blood of healthy adults.
  • To investigate the functional capacity and phenotype of CD21(-/low) B cells.
  • To determine if CD21(-/low) B cells represent a distinct memory B cell population.

Main Methods:

  • Flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood B cells to identify and quantify CD21(-/low) populations.
  • Phenotypic characterization using markers such as CD38, CD24, CD27, IgM, IgD, CD95, and CD62L.
  • Functional assays involving stimulation via B cell receptor (BCR), Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7/8, and interleukin (IL)-2 to assess proliferation and differentiation.

Main Results:

  • CD21(-/low) B cells constitute approximately 5% of adult peripheral blood B cells and are rare in cord blood.
  • This subset comprises CD38(-) CD24(+) (mostly naive-like IgM+IgD+) and CD38(-) CD24(low) (switched) cells.
  • CD21(-/low) cells exhibit memory B cell-like expression of CD95 and CD62L and largely lack ABCB1 transporter expression.
  • Upon stimulation, CD21(-/low) B cells proliferate and differentiate comparably to classical memory B cells, though the switched subset requires BCR co-stimulation for optimal response.

Conclusions:

  • CD21(-/low) B cells in healthy donors represent a distinct memory B cell population.
  • These cells possess unique phenotypic and functional characteristics differentiating them from naive B cells.
  • The findings suggest that certain memory B cell subsets rely on both TLR and BCR signaling for activation.