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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

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[REGULATORY B CELLS].

Nizar Abo-Helo, Zahava Vadasz, Ahron Kessel

    Harefuah
    |March 26, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Regulatory B cells, crucial for immune regulation, suppress inflammation and induce tolerance. Their dysfunction may contribute to inflammatory diseases, highlighting their therapeutic potential.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Cell Biology

    Context:

    • B lymphocytes are key immune cells with known functions in immunity.
    • Emerging evidence suggests B cells also regulate inflammation and induce tolerance.
    • The concept of B cell-mediated tolerance dates back to the 1970s.

    Purpose:

    • To explore the role and classification of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in humans.
    • To compare human Bregs with murine counterparts and regulatory T cells (Tregs).
    • To elucidate the mechanisms and therapeutic potential of Bregs.

    Summary:

    • Regulatory B cells suppress inflammation and induce tolerance through immunosuppressive cytokines and apoptosis.
    • Human Bregs are proposed to be classified as Breg, Br1(10), and Br3, analogous to Tregs.
    • Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is identified as a hallmark cytokine of Bregs.

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    Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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  • Impaired Breg function is implicated in inflammatory diseases.

    • Impact:

    • Understanding Breg function is vital for comprehending immune homeostasis.
    • Dysregulation of Bregs may contribute to autoimmune and allergic conditions.
    • Targeting Bregs offers promising therapeutic strategies for inflammatory diseases.