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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

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Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients
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[Immune tolerance mechanisms--brief review].

Anna Szaflarska, Magdalena Rutkowska-Zapała, Danuta Kowalczyk

    Przeglad Lekarski
    |March 31, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    The immune system maintains self-tolerance through central and peripheral mechanisms, including apoptosis and regulatory T cells. Understanding these processes is key for developing therapies for autoimmune diseases.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Autoimmunity
    • Cellular Biology

    Context:

    • The immune system must distinguish between foreign pathogens and the body's own tissues (self-antigens).
    • Failure to maintain self-tolerance can lead to autoimmune diseases.
    • Both innate and adaptive immune cells play roles in immune tolerance.

    Purpose:

    • To review the key mechanisms of central and peripheral immune tolerance.
    • To highlight the roles of apoptosis, receptor editing, regulatory T cells, and innate immune cells.
    • To provide a foundation for understanding therapeutic strategies in autoimmune diseases.

    Summary:

    • Central tolerance involves eliminating self-reactive lymphocytes through apoptosis (T cells) and receptor editing (B cells).
    • Peripheral tolerance relies heavily on regulatory T cells and involves mechanisms that suppress self-reactive immune responses outside of primary lymphoid organs.

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  • Innate immune cells also contribute to the maintenance of immune tolerance, influencing the balance between immunity and self-recognition.

    • Impact:

    • This review consolidates current knowledge on immune tolerance mechanisms.
    • It provides insights into potential therapeutic targets for autoimmune conditions.
    • Successful restoration of immune tolerance is a critical goal for treating autoimmune diseases.