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Research and Evaluations of the Health Aspects of Disasters, Part VIII: Risk, Risk Reduction, Risk Management, and

Marvin L Birnbaum1, Alessandro Loretti2, Elaine K Daily3

  • 11Emeritus Professor of Medicine and Physiology,School of Medicine and Public Health,University of Wisconsin,Madison,WisconsinUSA; Emeritus Editor-in-Chief, Prehospital and Disaster Medicine.

Prehospital and Disaster Medicine
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PubMed
Summary

Understanding the disaster risk cascade is key to effective risk reduction. Interventions can decrease event likelihood, minimize damage, and enhance community response capacity, building resilience against hazards.

Keywords:
HVA hazard-vulnerability assessmentISO International Organization for StandardizationUN United NationsUN-OCHA United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian AffairsWHO World Health Organizationcapacity buildingconsequencesriskrisk managementrisk reduction

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Area of Science:

  • Disaster risk science
  • Public health preparedness
  • Risk management

Background:

  • Hazards can escalate into disasters through a predictable cascade of risks.
  • Each stage in this cascade, from hazard manifestation to overwhelming local capacity, has associated probabilities and consequences.
  • Understanding these sequential risks is crucial for effective disaster management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the cascade of risks involved in hazard evolution into a disaster.
  • To identify key points for implementing risk-reduction measures.
  • To explore the role of capacity building in enhancing community resilience.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual framework outlining the risk cascade from hazard to disaster.
  • Analysis of risk probabilities and consequences at each stage.
  • Identification of intervention points for risk reduction and capacity building.

Main Results:

  • The disaster process involves a sequential risk cascade: hazard to event, event to structural damage, damage to needs, needs to emergency, and needs overwhelming local capacity (disaster).
  • Risk-reduction measures can target decreasing event probability, minimizing damage, or increasing response capacity.
  • Capacity building strengthens community resilience by augmenting absorption, buffering, and response capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • Effective disaster risk management requires addressing the entire cascade of risks.
  • Targeted interventions and capacity building are essential for mitigating disaster impacts.
  • Context and societal systems influence the specific risks and required interventions.