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Improved Ventricular Function after TEE-guided Cardioversion of Atrial Arrhythmias in Patients after the Fontan
Joseph T Poterucha1, Alexander C Egbe2, Jonathan N Johnson1,2
1Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
Insights
Cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias after the Fontan operation improves heart function and symptoms. However, recurrence is common, with systemic right ventricle being a key predictor.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Pediatric Cardiology
- Electrophysiology
Background:
- Atrial tachyarrhythmias are common after the Fontan operation.
- Atrial contribution is vital for cardiac output in Fontan patients.
- Effective management of atrial arrhythmias is crucial for clinical outcomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the effectiveness of cardioversion in improving echocardiographic parameters and clinical symptoms in Fontan patients.
- To identify risk factors associated with atrial arrhythmia recurrence after cardioversion.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of echocardiographic data from 2000-2015.
- Inclusion of patients who underwent transesophageal echocardiography-guided electrical cardioversion.
- Comparison of clinical and echocardiographic data at baseline and follow-up.
Main Results:
- Cardioversion improved ejection fraction, atrioventricular valve regurgitation, and NYHA class.
- 50% of patients experienced arrhythmia recurrence, with a 5-year freedom from recurrence of 61%.
- Systemic right ventricle was an independent predictor of arrhythmia recurrence.
Conclusions:
- Cardioversion is beneficial for improving cardiac function and symptoms in Fontan patients with atrial arrhythmias.
- Atrial flutter/intraatrial reentrant tachycardia, systemic right ventricle, and reduced ejection fraction are associated with recurrence.
- Further research is needed to identify additional risk and protective factors for arrhythmia recurrence.
Objective:
Atrial tachyarrhythmias frequently develop after the Fontan operation. Patients with Fontan physiology rely on atrial contribution to cardiac output, and thus control of atrial arrhythmias is important. Outcomes after cardioversion in patients after Fontan have not been reported. We sought to determine if cardioversion results in improved echocardiographic parameters or clinical symptomatology; and, discern risk factors for arrhythmia recurrence.
Design:
We retrospectively analyzed the Mayo Clinic echocardiographic database to capture patients after the Fontan operation who underwent transesophageal echocardiography-guided electrical cardioversion from 2000-2015. Clinical and echocardiographic data were collected and compared at baseline and follow-up.
Results:
Eight hundred ninety patients with prior Fontan operation underwent echocardiographic evaluation; 341 (38%) developed atrial arrhythmias. Thirty-six patients [20 males, median age 29 (12-51)] underwent transesophageal echocardiography-guided cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias [atrial flutter/intraatrial reentrant tachycardia (75%); atrial fibrillation (25%)]. At follow-up, improvements were noted in ejection fraction by 10% (P < .0001); atrioventricular valve regurgitation grade (39%) (P = .002); New York Heart Association (NYHA) class (61%) (P < .001); and resolution of spontaneous echo contrast in the Fontan circuit (65%) (P < .01). No embolic events occurred following cardioversion. Eighteen patients (50%) developed recurrent atrial arrhythmias at 15 (3-36) months after cardioversion. Five-year freedom from arrhythmia recurrence was 61%. Significant univariate predictors of arrhythmia recurrence were atrial flutter/intraatrial reentrant tachycardia (HR = 4.3, P = .02); NYHA ≥ II (HR = 4.1, P = .03); systemic right ventricle (HR = 5.2; P = .02); and ejection fraction ≤ 40% (HR = 2.8; P = .04). On multivariate analysis, only systemic right ventricle (HR = 3.7; P = .02) remained an independent predictor of arrhythmia recurrence.
Conclusion:
After the Fontan operation, cardioversion of atrial arrhythmias improves ventricular function, atrioventricular valve regurgitation grade, and NYHA class. Arrhythmia recurrence was common and patients with atrial flutter/intraatrial reentrant tachycardia, systemic right ventricle, or reduced ventricular function may be at risk of arrhythmia recurrence. Further studies are required to identify additional risk factors and protective factors for arrhythmia recurrence.
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