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Updated: Mar 23, 2026

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Fast multipurpose Monte Carlo simulation for proton therapy using multi- and many-core CPU architectures.

Kevin Souris1, John Aldo Lee1, Edmond Sterpin2

  • 1Center for Molecular Imaging and Experimental Radiotherapy, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 54, 1200 Brussels, Belgium and ICTEAM Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium.

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Summary

A new Monte Carlo simulation tool, MCsquare, significantly speeds up proton therapy planning. This fast, accurate method is suitable for clinical use and can verify treatment in real-time.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Computational Science
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Monte Carlo (MC) simulations enhance accuracy in proton therapy treatment planning.
  • Current MC methods face limitations due to long computation times, hindering clinical application.
  • Development of efficient MC tools is crucial for advancing proton therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a fast, multipurpose Monte Carlo simulation tool for proton therapy.
  • To leverage massively parallel central processing unit (CPU) architectures for enhanced performance.
  • To reduce computation time for clinical routine applicability.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced MCsquare, a many-core Monte Carlo tool optimized for Intel Xeon processors and coprocessors.
  • Employed a class-II condensed history algorithm for simulating protons, deuterons, and alphas in voxelized geometries.
  • Modeled hard ionizations individually and soft events using multiple scattering theory; sampled nuclear interactions from ICRU 63 cross sections.

Main Results:

  • MCsquare demonstrated deviations within 2%-1 mm compared to gate/geant4 simulations across various geometries.
  • Achieved simulation times under 25 seconds for 10^7 primary 200 MeV protons in soft tissues.
  • Utilized all embedded Xeon Phi and CPU resources on a single desktop unit for rapid computation.

Conclusions:

  • MCsquare offers a multipurpose MC simulation tool exploiting CPU architecture flexibility for proton therapy.
  • Optimized code allows for accurate MC calculations within clinically relevant computation times.
  • MCsquare's capability to simulate prompt gamma emission enables potential in vivo range verification.