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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Dementia01:30

Dementia

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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
The progression of dementia is generally gradual....
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Disorders of the Nervous Tissue01:28

Disorders of the Nervous Tissue

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Nervous tissue is a vital component of the human body's communication system, enabling us to perceive and respond to stimuli. However, like all other tissues, it is vulnerable to disorders and diseases that can significantly impact our neurological functioning.
Homeostatic Imbalances:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Autoimmune Encephalopathies and Dementias.

Andrew McKeon

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |April 5, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Diagnosing autoimmune encephalopathies early is crucial for effective treatment. New antibody biomarkers are identified, and immunotherapy can improve outcomes, even in seronegative cases.

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Immunology
    • Pathology

    Background:

    • Autoimmune encephalopathies and dementias require timely diagnosis to distinguish them from neurodegenerative disorders.
    • Early intervention is key for optimal treatment outcomes in autoimmune conditions affecting the brain.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To outline diagnostic and management strategies for autoimmune encephalopathies and dementias.
    • To highlight the importance of early identification for effective treatment.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current diagnostic methods for autoimmune encephalopathies.
    • Analysis of emerging antibody biomarkers and their targets.
    • Evaluation of treatment responses to immunotherapy.

    Main Results:

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    • Expanded spectrum of antibody biomarkers including glutamate receptors (NMDA, AMPA), GABA receptors (GABA-A, GABA-B), glycine receptors, and potassium channel complexes (Kv1, Kv4.2).
    • Effective treatments include rituximab or cyclophosphamide when first-line therapies (corticosteroids, IVIg, plasma exchange) fail.
    • Many immunotherapy-responsive cases are seronegative for specific antibodies.

    Conclusions:

    • Subacute onset, rapid progression, history of autoimmunity/cancer, inflammatory CSF, and non-neural antibodies suggest an autoimmune cause.
    • Immunotherapy can be effective even in the absence of specific antibody markers.
    • Continued research is needed to identify all causes of immunotherapy-responsive encephalopathies.