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Classification of Illness01:17

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

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Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

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Updated: May 23, 2026

Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
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Published on: January 29, 2016

Long-Term Outcomes in Stiff Person Spectrum Disorder.

Georgios Mangioris1, Andrew McKeon1,2,3, James H Bower2

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

European Journal of Neurology
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Long-term outcomes for stiff person spectrum disorder (SPSD) show that while many patients lose independence, a significant number regain it with treatment. Early diagnosis and intervention are key for better stiff person spectrum disorder prognosis.

Keywords:
GAD‐65amphiphysin antibodyglutamic acid decarboxylase 65‐kilodalton isoform antibodyglycine receptor antibodystiff‐man syndrome

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Published on: December 2, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Limited long-term outcome data exist for stiff person spectrum disorder (SPSD).
  • Sustained treatment response in SPSD patients varies significantly.
  • Understanding SPSD progression is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate long-term outcomes in patients with probable or definite stiff person spectrum disorder (SPSD).
  • To identify factors influencing functional independence and treatment response in SPSD.
  • To provide data on the modified Rankin scale (mRS) and gait aid use over time.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of SPSD patients evaluated at Mayo Clinic (1995-2024).
  • Inclusion criteria: probable/definite SPSD (Mayo Clinic criteria) with ≥5 years follow-up.
  • Primary outcomes: modified Rankin scale (mRS) and gait aid requirements.

Main Results:

  • 54 SPSD patients included; 94% were antibody-positive (GAD65-IgG).
  • At nadir, 57% lost functional independence (mRS ≥3) and 75% needed bilateral gait assistance.
  • At last follow-up (median 9 years), 69% regained independence (mRS ≤2), with 41% needing bilateral gait assistance.

Conclusions:

  • Over half of SPSD patients experience functional independence loss at disease nadir.
  • Many SPSD patients can regain functional independence and achieve symptom control with treatment.
  • Poor outcomes in SPSD are associated with bilateral gait assistance at nadir and older age at onset.