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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Behavioral Economics

Background:

  • Indirect reciprocity, involving cooperation with strangers based on third-party actions, is crucial for human cooperation.
  • Theoretical models support its importance, but empirical evidence, primarily from labs, is limited.
  • This study explores indirect reciprocity in a real-world online service exchange environment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide empirical evidence for indirect reciprocity in an online environment.
  • To investigate both downstream and upstream indirect reciprocity.
  • To differentiate indirect reciprocity from simple reputation effects.

Main Methods:

  • Created new online member profiles with varying service histories.
  • Sent numerous service requests globally to these profiles.
  • Analyzed request outcomes based on past service provision (downstream) and reception (upstream).

Main Results:

  • Service requests were significantly more likely to be rewarded if the requester had a history of providing services to others (downstream indirect reciprocity).
  • No evidence was found supporting upstream indirect reciprocity.
  • The observed downstream effect was independent of user trustworthiness reputation.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first clear online evidence of downstream indirect reciprocity.
  • The findings highlight the role of observed helping behavior in facilitating cooperation among strangers.
  • Upstream indirect reciprocity was not supported in this online service context.