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Competition and moral behavior: A meta-analysis of forty-five crowd-sourced experimental designs.

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Updated: May 3, 2026

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Local competition promotes hurtful behaviour towards unknown others.

Timothy Cason1, Arno Riedl2, Arthur Schram3

  • 1Department of Economics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|March 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Local competition fuels spite and retaliation, hindering cooperation. Global competition, however, promotes pro-sociality by directing hurtful behavior towards free-riders and rewarding helpfulness, fostering cooperation.

Keywords:
competitioncooperationgenerosityisolationismpunishmentspite

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary psychology
  • Behavioral economics
  • Game theory

Background:

  • Cooperation is essential for human success, but its sustainability relies on costly punishment of free-riders.
  • Evolutionary models suggest competition can drive hurtful behaviors, yet empirical evidence on competition scale is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the scale of competition influences hurtful and helpful behaviors in human groups.
  • To understand the impact of local versus global competition on cooperation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • A laboratory experiment was conducted using an indirect reciprocity game.
  • The scale of competition was manipulated to compare local and global competitive environments.

Main Results:

  • Local competition led to increased spite and retaliation, characterized by hurtful behavior within isolated groups.
  • Global competition shifted hurtful behavior towards punishing free-riders and rewarded helpfulness, promoting cooperation.
  • Distinct behavioral patterns emerged based on the scale of competition.

Conclusions:

  • Isolated, local competition can foster inefficient, anti-social behaviors.
  • Global competition encourages pro-sociality and cooperation by aligning hurtful behavior with punishment of free-riders and rewarding helpfulness.