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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling01:17

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Enterohepatic cycling involves the active secretion of drugs and their metabolites into the bile via transporters in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. This secretion is an integral part of the digestive process, releasing these substances into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Post-release drugs and metabolites can be reabsorbed into the body from the intestine. For conjugated metabolites like glucuronides, reabsorption requires enzymatic hydrolysis by intestinal microflora. This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus
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Transient Transduction of the Strobilated Forms of Echinococcus granulosus

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Hepatic Echinococcal Cysts: A Review.

Tina Pakala1, Marco Molina2, George Y Wu1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.

Journal of Clinical and Translational Hepatology
|April 6, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a liver disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus, affects many globally. Early diagnosis and long-term follow-up are crucial due to its silent nature and recurrence risk.

Keywords:
AnaphylaxisEchinococcusHydatid cystTapeworm

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Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a widespread parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus.
  • Endemic in many regions, CE presents diagnostic and management challenges due to its often asymptomatic course and high prevalence in specific populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology, natural history, diagnostic modalities, and treatment strategies for liver cystic echinococcosis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on Echinococcus granulosus infection.
  • Analysis of diagnostic methods including serology and medical imaging (ultrasound, CT/MRI).
  • Evaluation of treatment options: chemotherapy and surgical interventions.

Main Results:

  • Liver involvement is most common (70%) in CE.
  • Diagnosis relies on serological tests and imaging, though CE can be clinically silent.
  • Treatment success varies with cyst stage and location; recurrence is a significant concern.

Conclusions:

  • Echinococcus granulosus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatic cystic lesions, particularly in patients from endemic areas.
  • Timely diagnosis and appropriate long-term follow-up are essential for managing CE.
  • Multidisciplinary approaches combining medical and surgical treatments are often necessary.