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Related Concept Videos

Reaction Mechanisms: Rate-limiting Step Approximation01:29

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The rate-determining step, or RDS, in a chemical reaction is the slowest step that determines the overall reaction rate. It is identified by using the observed rate law and typically involves approximation methods like the RDS approximation or the steady-state approximation.In the RDS approximation, also known as the rate-limiting-step or equilibrium approximation, the reaction mechanism consists of one or more reversible reactions near equilibrium, followed by a slower RDS, and then one or...
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The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time dependence of some property that can be related to reactant or product amounts. Rates of reactions that consume or produce gaseous substances, for example, are conveniently determined by measuring changes in volume or pressure.
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Concentration and Rate Law03:03

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The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions describing the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants.
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Determining Order of Reaction02:53

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Rate laws describe the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants. In a rate law, the rate constant k and the reaction orders are determined experimentally by observing how the rate of reaction changes as the concentrations of the reactants are changed. A common experimental approach to the determination of rate laws is the method of initial rates. This method involves measuring reaction rates for multiple experimental trials carried out using...
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The Collision Theory
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Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions01:22

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A variety of factors influence the rate of chemical reactions. For a chemical reaction to happen, atoms must collide with enough energy to overcome the repulsion between their electrons. This energy is called activation energy. Factors influencing the rate of reaction either lower the activation energy or increase the likelihood of a successful collision.
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Unraveling Entropic Rate Acceleration Induced by Solvent Dynamics in Membrane Enzymes
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Reaction Rate Maxima at Large Distances between Reactants.

Martin Kuss-Petermann1, Oliver S Wenger2

  • 1Department of Chemistry University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron transfer reactions can occur over long distances, defying common chemical reaction assumptions. Theory predicts, and this study explains, how electron transfer rates can surprisingly increase as reactant distance grows.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Most chemical reactions require close contact between reactants.
  • Electron transfer reactions are an exception, known to occur over distances of 15 Å or more.
  • A theoretical prediction exists for electron transfer where rates increase with distance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain the physical origin of distance-dependent electron transfer rates.
  • To identify conditions for observing this counter-intuitive phenomenon experimentally.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of electron transfer dynamics.
  • Examination of quantum mechanical principles governing electron transfer.
  • Modeling of reaction conditions and reactant interactions.

Main Results:

  • Elucidation of the physical mechanism behind increasing electron transfer rates with distance.
  • Identification of specific electronic and structural factors influencing this behavior.
  • Theoretical framework for predicting and observing this effect.

Conclusions:

  • The counter-intuitive increase in electron transfer rates with distance is physically explicable.
  • Experimental observation of this phenomenon is feasible under specific conditions.
  • This finding challenges conventional understanding of reaction kinetics and distance dependence.