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Related Concept Videos

C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
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Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...
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Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

Author Spotlight: Innovative Approaches to Understanding Plant Structure-Function Relationships for Climate-Resilient Crops
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Finding the genes to build C4 rice.

Peng Wang1, Daniela Vlad1, Jane A Langdale1

  • 1Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|April 8, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Engineering C4 photosynthesis into rice could boost yields to meet future food demands. Researchers are identifying key genes from C3 ancestors to build a blueprint for C4 rice development.

Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Agricultural science
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Rice (a C3 crop) is a global staple food, crucial for developing nations.
  • A 50% increase in rice yield is projected to be necessary by 2050 to meet global food demand.
  • Engineering C4 photosynthetic traits into rice is a promising strategy for enhancing crop productivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on identifying genes and regulatory networks for C4 photosynthesis.
  • To outline the remaining challenges and future research directions for developing C4 rice.
  • To provide a practical blueprint for engineering C4 traits into rice.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative transcriptomic studies to identify C4-specific genes and regulatory mechanisms.
  • Analysis of independent C4 evolution from C3 ancestors to understand gene recruitment.

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  • Review of recent advances in genome editing and gene discovery platforms.

    • Main Results:

    • Over 20 comparative transcriptomic studies have been published in the last five years.
    • Key genes and regulatory networks for C4 photosynthesis are likely recruited from C3 ancestors.
    • Technological advancements are making C3 to C4 conversion in rice more feasible.

    Conclusions:

    • Significant progress has been made in understanding the genetic basis of C4 photosynthesis.
    • Further research is required to translate this knowledge into a functional C4 rice blueprint.
    • Engineering C4 traits holds substantial potential for improving rice yield and global food security.