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Related Concept Videos

The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

7.5K
The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
Ras is a...
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The Ras Gene02:38

The Ras Gene

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Small GTPases - Ras and Rho01:24

Small GTPases - Ras and Rho

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Ras and Rho are small monomeric GTPases that act downstream of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and regulate various cellular processes. These GTPases switch between active and inactive states by binding to guanine nucleotides.
Three regulatory proteins control their activity:
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Rab Proteins01:14

Rab Proteins

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Rab proteins constitute the largest family of monomeric GTPases, of which 70 members are present in humans. Rab proteins and their effectors regulate consecutive stages of vesicle transport such as vesicle transport, docking, and fusion to the correct recipient membrane.
Rab proteins switch between a cytosolic, GDP-bound inactive state and a membrane-anchored, GTP-bound active state. By themselves, Rabs show slow rates of GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis. Thus, Rab proteins are considered...
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

MAPK Signaling Cascades

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

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Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells
09:40

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

Published on: November 2, 2017

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SUMO wrestling with Ras.

Haibo Zhang1, Ji Luo1

  • 1a Laboratory of Canter Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA.

Small Gtpases
|April 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) pathway regulates Ras signaling in cancer. SUMOylation impacts Ras-driven transformation, offering new therapeutic targets for Ras-mutant cancers.

Keywords:
KAP1KRASSUMOcolorectal cancernon-oncogene addiction

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SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer
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SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer

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Comparing the Affinity of GTPase-binding Proteins using Competition Assays
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Comparing the Affinity of GTPase-binding Proteins using Competition Assays

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 22, 2026

In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells
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In Vivo Detection and Analysis of Rb Protein SUMOylation in Human Cells

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SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer
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SUMO-Binding Entities SUBEs as Tools for the Enrichment, Isolation, Identification, and Characterization of the SUMO Proteome in Liver Cancer

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Comparing the Affinity of GTPase-binding Proteins using Competition Assays
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Comparing the Affinity of GTPase-binding Proteins using Competition Assays

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • Ras GTPases are frequently mutated in various cancers, driving oncogenesis.
  • The intricate roles of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) pathway in cancer and Ras signaling remain incompletely understood.
  • Emerging evidence suggests the SUMO pathway modulates Ras/MAPK activity and promotes Ras-driven tumors via non-effector proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the SUMO pathway's functional intersection with Ras signaling in cancer.
  • To highlight recent findings on SUMOylation alterations in Ras-mutant cancer cells and their implications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating SUMOylation and Ras signaling.
  • Analysis of recent discoveries regarding SUMO pathway regulation of Ras/MAPK activity.
  • Examination of specific protein SUMOylation changes in Ras-mutant cancer cells.

Main Results:

  • The SUMO pathway directly regulates Ras/MAPK pathway activity.
  • SUMOylation supports Ras-driven oncogenesis by affecting proteins beyond direct Ras effectors.
  • Specific protein SUMOylation patterns are altered in Ras-mutant cancer cells, with KAP1 identified as crucial for Ras-driven transformation.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the functional interplay between SUMO and Ras pathways is critical for deciphering Ras-driven oncogenesis mechanisms.
  • Targeting the SUMO pathway may offer novel therapeutic strategies for cancers with Ras mutations.