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Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Oxidative stress mechanisms
  • Cellular adaptation

Background:

  • Oxidative stress damages cellular components, contributing to aging and diseases.
  • Physical activity generates free radicals crucial for muscle function and repair.
  • Exercise training increases antioxidant defenses, like glutathione reductase.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent adaptations to exercise.
  • To explore the dual role of ROS in exercise and their impact on health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on exercise, oxidative stress, and adaptation.
  • Analysis of ROS generation and antioxidant responses during different exercise intensities.

Main Results:

  • Moderate exercise mitigates oxidative stress and promotes health.
  • Strenuous exercise can lead to excessive free radical production and risks.
  • Exercise-induced oxidative stress is complex, influenced by mode, intensity, and duration.

Conclusions:

  • The hormesis theory explains the beneficial effects of low-dose stressors (exercise) versus harmful high-dose effects.
  • Optimal exercise prescription requires considering individual responses to tailor dose, intensity, and modality.
  • New markers of cellular dysfunction could refine exercise recommendations.