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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Sexual dimorphisms are evident in human behavior and mental disorders, particularly those involving performance monitoring.
  • Underlying neurobiological differences between genders contributing to psychiatric conditions remain largely unknown.
  • Cognitive control functions are crucial for adaptive behavior and are implicated in various mental health disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex differences in the neural and behavioral correlates of cognitive control functions.
  • To explore how performance monitoring and error processing differ between males and females.
  • To examine the relationship between neural signals (Error-Related Negativity) and behavioral adjustments (post-error slowing).

Main Methods:

  • Electroencephalography (EEG) was used to record brain activity in 438 females and 436 males.
  • Participants performed a flanker task to assess cognitive control and performance monitoring.
  • Behavioral data (reaction times, error rates) and EEG measures (ERN amplitude) were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Males demonstrated significantly stronger performance-monitoring-related EEG amplitude modulations, allowing for ~72% accurate gender prediction.
  • Females exhibited greater post-error slowing, while both sexes showed similar response-conflict processing and ERN-behavioral coupling.
  • The Error-Related Negativity (ERN) predicted subsequent behavioral slowing within individuals, but overall ERN amplitude did not correlate with post-error slowing across participants.

Conclusions:

  • Specific neurocognitive differences exist between males and females in cognitive control and performance monitoring.
  • These findings have implications for understanding sex-based variations in psychiatric disorders.
  • The study highlights that within-subject and between-subject associations of neural signals and behavior may not be interpreted interchangeably.