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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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The Cochlea01:13

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Auditory Pathway01:15

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Auditory Perception01:17

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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Hearing01:31

Hearing

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When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Surgical Induction of Endolymphatic Hydrops by Obliteration of the Endolymphatic Duct
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Presbycusis: do we have a third ear?

Luis Roque Reis1, Pedro Escada1

  • 1Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, NOVA Medical School, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental (CHLO), Hospital Egas Moniz, Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia, Lisbon, Portugal.

Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology
|April 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Speechreading significantly improves spoken word intelligibility for individuals with age-related hearing loss (presbycusis). Observing the speaker's face acts as a crucial auditory aid, enhancing comprehension.

Keywords:
Leitura labialPerda auditiva neurossensorialPresbiacusiaPresbycusisSensorineural hearing lossSpeechreading

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Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Speech and Hearing Sciences
  • Gerontology

Background:

  • Age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) is a common cause of sensorineural hearing loss in adults.
  • Limited research exists on the role of speechreading in presbycusis, particularly for Portuguese speakers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess if speechreading enhances word intelligibility in individuals with presbycusis.
  • To statistically validate the improvement in intelligibility provided by speechreading, likening it to a "third ear".

Main Methods:

  • Evaluated 11 individuals (57-82 years) with presbycusis.
  • Conducted vocal audiograms with and without visual observation of the speaker.
  • Employed Shapiro-Wilk and t-pairs statistical tests (p<0.05).

Main Results:

  • Speechreading led to significantly better word intelligibility.
  • Statistical analysis (p-value=0) confirmed a significant difference with speechreading.
  • Confidence interval analysis supported the observed improvement.

Conclusions:

  • Speechreading enhances spoken word intelligibility in individuals with presbycusis.
  • Visual cues from speechreading function as an effective compensatory mechanism, akin to a "third ear".