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Investigations on the GaIII Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

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Published on: August 17, 2016

Standardization of (68)Ge/(68)Ga Using Three Liquid Scintillation Counting Based Methods.

B E Zimmerman¹, J T Cessna¹, R Fitzgerald¹

¹Ionization Radiation Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.

Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology

|April 21, 2016

Summary

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standardized a Germanium-68/(68)Gallium-68 solution using liquid scintillation techniques. This provides traceable calibration sources for medical imaging with low uncertainty.

Keywords:

CIEMAT/NIST method TDCR method anticoincidence counting germanium-68 liquid scintillation counting positron emitter standardization

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Published on: April 25, 2025

Area of Science:

Nuclear Metrology
Radiochemistry
Medical Physics

Background:

Germanium-68/(68)Gallium-68 (Ge-68/Ga-68) generators are crucial for positron emission tomography (PET) diagnostic imaging.
Accurate standardization of Ge-68/Ga-68 solutions is essential for reliable calibration of these generators and associated instrumentation.
Previous primary standardization of Ge-68/Ga-68 solutions was limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To perform the first primary standardization of a (68)Ge/(68)Ga equilibrium solution at NIST.
To establish NIST-traceable calibration sources for (68)Ge/(68)Ga with low uncertainty.
To validate liquid scintillation counting techniques for radionuclide standardization.

Main Methods:

Utilized three liquid scintillation techniques: live-timed 4πβ-γ anticoincidence (LTAC) counting, Triple-to-Double Coincidence Ratio (TDCR), and (3)H-standard efficiency tracing with the CIEMAT(1)/NIST (CNET) method.
Employed LTAC counting for its reduced dependence on level scheme data and model-dependent parameters.
Used a secondary standard ionization chamber for calibration factor determination.

Main Results:

Achieved a reference activity concentration for the master solution with a combined standard uncertainty of approximately 0.3 % using LTAC.
TDCR and CNET methods yielded results within experimental uncertainties, showing +1.2 % and -1.5 % differences, respectively.
Determined calibration factors for the NIST secondary standard ionization chamber, enabling future calibrations without primary measurements.

Conclusions:

Successfully standardized a (68)Ge/(68)Ga solution, providing a critical metrological foundation.
The developed methods and calibration factors facilitate the creation of NIST-traceable calibration sources for (68)Ge/(68)Ga.
This advancement supports the development and quality assurance of diagnostic medical imaging applications utilizing (68)Ga-based radiopharmaceuticals.