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Facial affect recognition in autism, ADHD and typical development.

Steve Berggren1,2, Ann-Charlotte Engström3, Sven Bölte1,2

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Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show impaired facial affect recognition (FAR), unlike those with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Attentional distractibility impacts FAR in both ASD and ADHD, suggesting targeted interventions may be beneficial.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental conditions often associated with difficulties in social cognition.
  • Facial Affect Recognition (FAR) is a critical component of social interaction, involving the ability to interpret emotions from facial expressions.
  • Previous research suggests potential alterations in FAR in both ASD and ADHD, but findings require further clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare facial affect recognition (FAR) accuracy and response times in children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD, ADHD, and typical development (TD).
  • To examine the influence of attentional distractibility on FAR performance in these groups.
  • To differentiate the specific FAR challenges in ASD and ADHD.

Main Methods:

  • A comparative study involving matched samples of children and adolescents with ASD (n=35), ADHD (n=32), and TD (n=32), aged 8.6-15.9 years.
  • Assessment of general and specific FAR using whole face and eye-region stimuli, measuring both accuracy and response times.
  • Statistical analysis to compare performance across groups and investigate the role of attentional distractibility.

Main Results:

  • The ASD group exhibited significantly lower accuracy and longer response times for general and specific FAR compared to the TD group, particularly in identifying neutral and happy facial expressions.
  • The ADHD group demonstrated faster response times for global FAR than the ASD group, with no significant differences found between the ADHD and TD groups.
  • Attentional distractibility was found to significantly affect FAR performance in both the ASD and ADHD groups.

Conclusions:

  • Findings confirm significant alterations in facial affect recognition (FAR) in individuals with ASD, but not ADHD, when compared to typically developing peers.
  • Attentional distractibility plays a crucial role in modulating FAR performance in both ASD and ADHD.
  • Interventions targeting FAR and attention functions are clinically relevant for individuals with ASD. Future research should consider visual attention, facial configuration skills, and naturalistic stimuli for a comprehensive understanding of implicit FAR.