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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
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Author Spotlight: Achieving High-Purity In Vitro Differentiation of Th17 Cells Using Cytokine Concentration Modulation
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Genes associated with T helper 17 cell differentiation and function.

Ayten Nalbant1, Doga Eskier2

  • 1Izmir Institute of Technology, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Molecular Immunology and Gene Regulation Laboratory, Urla, İzmir, 35430 Turkey, aytennalbant@iyte.edu.tr.

Frontiers in Bioscience (Elite Edition)
|April 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary

T helper 17 (Th17) cells are distinct CD4 T cells crucial for immunity and disease. Transcription factors like RORC2 and STAT3 regulate Th17 differentiation and function in various pathologies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • T helper 17 (Th17) cells are a distinct lineage of CD4 effector T cells.
  • They differ from Th1 and Th2 cell phenotypes and play roles in immune responses and pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the general principles of CD4 T helper differentiation.
  • To highlight the known transcription factors involved in Th17 cell differentiation and function.

Main Methods:

  • This review synthesizes existing research on Th17 cell biology.
  • It examines the cytokines, cell surface markers, and transcription factors regulating Th17 cells.

Main Results:

  • Th17 differentiation is induced by IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TGF beta, with IL-23 maintaining survival.
  • Key transcription factors include RORC2, IRF4, RUNX1, BATF, and STAT3.
  • Effector Th17 cells express cytokines like IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-26, and markers such as CCR6 and TNFalpha.

Conclusions:

  • Th17 cells are integral to host immune responses and implicated in diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and Crohn's disease.
  • Further investigation is ongoing to fully elucidate their contribution to disease pathogenesis.