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Related Concept Videos

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

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Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

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Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

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Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 22, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
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Hypoglycemic agents and potential anti-inflammatory activity.

Vishal Kothari1, John A Galdo2, Suresh T Mathews3

  • 1Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Boshell Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases Research Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.

Journal of Inflammation Research
|April 27, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetes and its complications are linked to chronic inflammation. Certain diabetes medications possess anti-inflammatory properties, potentially improving patient outcomes beyond glucose control.

Keywords:
diabetesgliptininflammationinsulinmetforminthiazolidinedione

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is associated with chronic inflammation and secondary complications.
  • Immunological changes in diabetes include altered cytokine levels, leukocyte activity, apoptosis, and fibrosis.
  • Pharmacological strategies targeting inflammation may be crucial for managing diabetes and its complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anti-inflammatory effects of various glucose-lowering agents used in diabetes management.
  • To differentiate between anti-inflammatory actions intrinsic to drug classes and those secondary to glycemic control.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating the immunological and anti-inflammatory effects of antidiabetic medications.
  • Analysis of clinical data and preclinical evidence on the mechanisms of action of different drug classes.

Main Results:

  • Thiazolidinediones, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors, and metformin demonstrate moderate-to-strong anti-inflammatory actions.
  • Sulfonylureas and alpha glucosidase inhibitors show modest anti-inflammatory effects.
  • Injectable agents like insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists may offer benefits through their anti-inflammatory potential; clinical data on sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors is limited.

Conclusions:

  • Several classes of glucose-lowering agents possess intrinsic anti-inflammatory properties that may contribute to improved diabetes outcomes.
  • Distinguishing between direct anti-inflammatory effects and those mediated by improved glycemic control is essential for accurate therapeutic assessment.
  • Further research is needed, particularly on sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors, to fully elucidate their anti-inflammatory roles.